Hindi Grammar One Shot - Class 12 MP Board Hindi

Hindi Grammar for Class 12

Structure and Weightage of Hindi Grammar in Class 12

Hindi grammar for Class 12 is divided into two main parts: Kavyabodh and Bhasha Bodh. Kavyabodh carries 9 marks and Bhasha Bodh carries 12 marks in the exam, making a total of 21 marks for grammar. The syllabus is designed to be completed within 20 pages of the textbook.

• Kavyabodh includes: Types of poetry, Ras (aesthetic essence), Alankar (figures of speech), Chhand (meters), Shabd Gun (word qualities), and Bimb Vidhan (imagery).
• Bhasha Bodh includes: Words, Word Power, Word Pairs, Sentences, Sentence Correction…

Hindi Grammar for Class 12

Structure and Weightage of Hindi Grammar in Class 12

Hindi grammar for Class 12 is divided into two main parts: Kavyabodh and Bhasha Bodh. Kavyabodh carries 9 marks and Bhasha Bodh carries 12 marks in the exam, making a total of 21 marks for grammar. The syllabus is designed to be completed within 20 pages of the textbook.

• Kavyabodh includes: Types of poetry, Ras (aesthetic essence), Alankar (figures of speech), Chhand (meters), Shabd Gun (word qualities), and Bimb Vidhan (imagery).
• Bhasha Bodh includes: Words, Word Power, Word Pairs, Sentences, Sentence Correction and Transformation, Idioms, Proverbs, Official and National Language.

Kavyabodh: Poetry and Its Types

Kavyabodh focuses on the understanding of poetry, its definitions, and classifications. The definition of poetry is "all emotion-centric literature is called Kavy (poetry)." According to Acharya Vishwanath: "Rasatmakam Vakyam Kavyam" (a sentence filled with rasa is poetry). According to Jagannath: "Ramaniyarth Pratipadak Shabd Kavyam" (words expressing beautiful meaning are poetry).

• Types of Poetry: Two main types—Drishya Kavy (visual poetry) and Shravya Kavy (auditory poetry).
  • Drishya Kavy: Enjoyed by seeing (e.g., drama).
  • Shravya Kavy: Enjoyed by reading or listening (e.g., poems, stories).
• Shravya Kavy is further divided into:
  • Prabandh Kavy: With a well-structured storyline (Mahakavya, Khand Kavy).
  • Muktak Kavy: Without a structured storyline (Pathya Muktak, Geet Muktak).

Prabandh Kavy and Muktak Kavy: Features and Examples

Prabandh Kavy is characterized by a sequential and interconnected storyline, with each section (sarg) related to the previous. Muktak Kavy lacks such structure.

• Prabandh Kavy Types:
  • Mahakavya: Contains 8 or more sargs (chapters), covers the entire life of a character, has many characters, uses various meters, and aims for higher ideals.
    • Examples: Ramcharitmanas (Tulsidas), Padmavat (Malik Mohammad Jayasi), Saket (Maithilisharan Gupt), Kamayani (Jaishankar Prasad).
  • Khand Kavy: Fewer than 8 sargs, focuses on a single aspect of life, fewer characters, usually one meter.
    • Examples: Panchvati (Maithilisharan Gupt), Jayadrath Vadh (Maithilisharan Gupt), Sudama Charitra (Narottam Das), Pathik (Ramnaresh Tripathi), Haldi Ghati (Shyam Narayan Pandey).
• Muktak Kavy Types: Pathya Muktak and Geet Muktak.

Ras: Essence of Poetry

Ras is considered the soul of poetry. It is the pleasure or aesthetic experience felt by the reader or listener. The first mention of ras is by Bharat Muni in the Natyashastra.

• Four Angs (components) of Ras:

  • Sthayi Bhav: Permanent emotions present in every human (10 types).
  • Anubhav: External physical expressions of the emotion.
  • Sanchari Bhav: Temporary emotions (33 types).
  • Vibhav: The cause that evokes the emotion, divided into Alamban (main cause) and Uddipan (stimulating cause).

• List of Ras and Their Sthayi Bhav:

  • Shringar: Rati (love)
  • Hasya: Has (laughter)
  • Karun: Shok (sorrow)
  • Veer: Utsah (enthusiasm)
  • Raudra: Krodh (anger)
  • Bhayanak: Bhay (fear)
  • Adbhut: Vismay (wonder)
  • Vibhats: Jugupsa (disgust)
  • Shant: Nirved (peace)
  • Vatsalya: Vatsal (motherly love)

• Shringar Ras is the king of rasas and has two types: Sanyog (union) and Viyog (separation).

Alankar: Figures of Speech

Alankar enhances the beauty of poetry. According to Dandi, "Kavya Shobhant Dharmant Alankar Prachchhate"—the quality that increases the beauty of poetry is called Alankar.

• Types of Alankar:

  • Shabd Alankar: Beauty through words.
  • Arth Alankar: Beauty through meaning.
  • Ubhay Alankar: Beauty through both words and meaning.

• Important Alankars for Exam:

  • Sandigdh Alankar: Doubt due to similarity.
  • Bhrantiman Alankar: False identification due to similarity.
  • Virodhabhas Alankar: Apparent contradiction.
  • Vyatirek Alankar: Exaggeration of the subject over the object.
  • Sang Roopak Alankar: Complete imposition of the object’s qualities on the subject.

Chhand: Meters in Poetry

Chhand refers to the rhythmic structure of poetry. It is derived from the root "Chhand," meaning to please or delight. The originator of Chhand Shastra is Pingal Muni, and its first mention is in the Rigveda.

• Definition: A composition with rules of yati (pause), gati (flow), and tuk (rhyme) is called chhand.

• Seven Angs of Chhand: Charan (line), Varn (syllable), Matra (measure), Sankhya (number), Kram (order), Gan (group of three syllables), Gati (flow), Yati (pause), Tuk (rhyme).

• Types:

  • Matric Chhand: Based on matra count (e.g., Doha, Soratha).
  • Varnik Chhand: Based on syllable count (e.g., Kavit, Savaiya).

• Doha Chhand: 13 matras in odd lines, 11 in even lines (total 24 per line).

• Soratha Chhand: Reverse of Doha—11 matras in odd lines, 13 in even lines.

• Kavit Chhand: Varnik chhand with 31 syllables per line, divided as 8-8-8-7.

• Savaiya Chhand: Varnik chhand with 22-26 syllables per line.

Shabd Gun (Word Qualities) and Kavya Gun

Shabd Gun, also called Kavya Gun, are qualities that enhance the internal and external beauty of poetry and elevate the rasa.

• Three Types:
  • Madhurya Gun: Softness that melts the reader’s heart, found in Shringar, Karun, and Shant ras.
  • Oj Gun: Brilliance that energizes the reader, found in Veer, Bhayanak, and Raudra ras.
  • Prasad Gun: Clarity that makes the meaning easily understandable, present in all rasas.

Bimb Vidhan (Imagery)

Bimb Vidhan refers to the creation of vivid images in the reader’s mind through words. It is also called "Shabd Chitra" or "Pad Chitra." The main elements are imagination, emotion, and sensory experience. It is a style in poetry where the reader can visualize the described scene.

• Types: Kendrit Bimb, Kalpnik Bimb, and Prerak Anubhuti based on experience.

Bhasha Bodh: Language Awareness

Bhasha Bodh covers the understanding of words, their usage, and sentence structure.

• Kshetriya Shabd (Regional Words): Words used in specific regions (e.g., lotha, khatia).
• Takniki Shabd (Technical Words): Subject-specific terms (e.g., utak for biology, punji for commerce).
• Nipat: Indeclinable words that do not change with gender or number (e.g., hi, bhi, tak, keval).
  • Types: Swikriti Bodh, Nakaaratmak, Nishedhatmak, Prashn Bodhak, Vismayadi Bodhak, Tulna Bodhak, Avdharna Bodhak, Aadar Bodhak, Bal Pradayak.

Shabd Shakti (Word Power)

Shabd Shakti refers to the relationship between a word and its meaning. There are three types:

• Abhida: Direct meaning.
• Lakshana: Indirect or implied meaning.
• Vyanjana: Suggested meaning, where the same word can have different meanings based on context.

Shabd Yugm (Word Pairs)

Shabd Yugm are pairs of words used together, often with specific relationships:

• Types: Punarukt (repetition), Sajati (same category), Samvargiya (same group), Vipritarthak (opposite meaning), Samanarthak (synonyms), Nirarthak (meaningless).

Vakya (Sentence): Types and Transformation

A sentence is a meaningful group of words expressing a clear idea. Sentences are classified based on voice, meaning, and structure.

• By Meaning (8 types): Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory, Negative, Doubtful, Conditional, etc.
• By Structure (3 types):
  • Simple: One subject and one predicate.
  • Compound: Two or more independent clauses joined by conjunctions (e.g., aur, ya, kintu).
  • Complex: One main clause and one or more dependent clauses, often using "ki," "jo," "jab," etc.

Rajbhasha and Rashtrabhasha

• Rajbhasha (Official Language): The language used by the government for official work. In India, Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language.
• Rashtrabhasha (National Language): The language representing the nation’s identity and unity. India does not have an officially declared national language.

Sentence Correction, Transformation, Idioms, and Proverbs

Sentence correction involves identifying and correcting grammatical errors without changing the meaning. Sentence transformation changes the structure (e.g., from simple to compound) without altering the meaning.

• Idioms (Muhavare): Phrases used as part of a sentence to add emphasis.
• Proverbs (Lokoktiyan): Complete sentences expressing general truths or advice.
• Difference: Idioms are part of sentences; proverbs are complete sentences.

Practice is essential for mastering sentence correction, transformation, idioms, and proverbs, as these are frequently tested in exams.