Bridge Course HBSE Hindi - Class 10 Haryana Board Hindi

Samas (Compound Words) in Hindi Grammar

Samas is a central topic in Hindi grammar, appearing in both class 9 and 10. It involves the process of combining two or more words to form a concise, meaningful compound word. Understanding Samas is essential for mastering grammar questions and for recognizing patterns in language structure.

Meaning and Definition of Samas

Samas literally means "condensation" or "abbreviation." It refers to the process of joining two words to create a new, shorter word that conveys a combined meaning. The main purpose is to express lengthy ideas in a compact form.

• The…

Samas (Compound Words) in Hindi Grammar

Samas is a central topic in Hindi grammar, appearing in both class 9 and 10. It involves the process of combining two or more words to form a concise, meaningful compound word. Understanding Samas is essential for mastering grammar questions and for recognizing patterns in language structure.

Meaning and Definition of Samas

Samas literally means "condensation" or "abbreviation." It refers to the process of joining two words to create a new, shorter word that conveys a combined meaning. The main purpose is to express lengthy ideas in a compact form.

• The literal meaning of Samas is "condensation" or "संक्षिप्तीकरण".
• Samas is the combination of two words to form a single, meaningful word.
• Example: "रसोई घर" (kitchen) is formed by joining "रसोई" (cooking) and "घर" (house).

Importance and Commonality in Curriculum

Samas is a recurring topic from lower classes (as early as 5th or 6th) and continues to be relevant in higher classes. It is a foundational concept in language subjects, especially Hindi and English grammar.

• Topics like Samas, Alankar, Vakya, Vilom, and Paryayvachi are common in both class 9 and 10.
• Mastery of Samas is necessary for both board exams and competitive tests.

Types of Samas

There are primarily four types of Samas, but in Hindi grammar, six types are studied due to the addition of two more derived from the main types. The six types are:

• Avyayibhav Samas
• Tatpurush Samas
• Bahuvrihi Samas
• Dvandva Samas
• Karmadharaya Samas
• Dvigou Samas

The main four are Avyayibhav, Tatpurush, Bahuvrihi, and Dvandva. Karmadharaya and Dvigou are considered extensions of Tatpurush.

Avyayibhav Samas

Avyayibhav Samas is formed when the first word is an indeclinable (Avyay) and the compound as a whole functions as an adverb. The meaning of the compound is determined by the first word.

• The first word is always an Avyay (indeclinable).
• The compound acts as an adverb.
• The meaning is derived from the first word.
• Commonly, the first word is a prefix (Upasarg).

Examples:

• यथाशक्ति (according to strength): यथा (as per) + शक्ति (strength)
• दिनभर (whole day): दिन (day) + भर (full)
• बारंबार (again and again): बार (time) + बार (again)
• यथाक्रम (as per order): यथा (as per) + क्रम (order)
• आजन्म (lifelong): आ (till) + जन्म (birth)

Key Features:

• First word is Avyay.
• The compound acts as an adverb.
• The compound ends in an Avyay form.

Tatpurush Samas

Tatpurush Samas is the most prominent type, where the second word is principal and the first word is secondary. The relationship between the words is established through case markers (Karaks).

• The second word is principal; the meaning depends on it.
• The first word is secondary.
• The compound is formed by removing the case marker (Vibhakti) between the words.

Tatpurush Samas Subtypes (based on Karak):

1. Karm Tatpurush: Uses "को" (to/for)
   • Example: यशप्राप्त (one who has obtained fame): यश को प्राप्त
2. Karan Tatpurush: Uses "से" (by/with)
   • Example: हस्तलिखित (written by hand): हस्त से लिखित
3. Sampradan Tatpurush: Uses "के लिए" (for)
   • Example: गौशाला (cow shelter): गौ के लिए शाला
4. Apadan Tatpurush: Uses "से" (from, indicating separation)
   • Example: ऋणमुक्त (free from debt): ऋण से मुक्त
5. Sambandh Tatpurush: Uses "का/के/की" (of)
   • Example: राजपुत्र (son of king): राजा का पुत्र
6. Adhikaran Tatpurush: Uses "में/पर/पे" (in/on)
   • Example: जलमग्न (immersed in water): जल में मग्न

Examples:

• गृहद्वार (house gate): घर का द्वार
• दिनप्रकाश (daylight): दिन का प्रकाश
• मनभाव (pleasing to the mind): मन को भाव

Karmadharaya Samas

Karmadharaya Samas is characterized by the first word being an adjective (Visheshan) and the second word being the noun (Visheshya). The compound describes a quality of the noun.

• The first word is an adjective, the second is the noun.
• The compound expresses a quality or attribute.

Examples:

• नीलकमल (blue lotus): नीला कमल
• नीलगाय (blue cow): नीली गाय
• श्वेतांबर (white-clad): श्वेत अंबर
• चंद्रमुख (moon-faced): चंद्र के समान मुख
• महावीर (great hero): महान वीर

Dvigou Samas

Dvigou Samas is identified by the first word being a numeral, indicating a group or collection. It is the simplest to recognize.

• The first word is a numeral (Sankhyavachak).
• The compound refers to a group or collection.

Examples:

• त्रिवेणी (confluence of three rivers): तीन वेणियों का समूह
• नवग्रह (nine planets): नौ ग्रहों का समूह
• पंचमणि (five gems): पांच मणियों का समूह
• सप्ताह (week): सात दिनों का समूह
• चौपाया (four-legged): चार पांव वाला

Note: Words like त्रिनेत्र, पंचानन, चतुर्भुज, though starting with numerals, are classified as Bahuvrihi Samas due to their meaning referring to a third entity.

Bahuvrihi Samas

Bahuvrihi Samas is unique because neither the first nor the second word is principal; instead, the compound refers to a third entity possessing the quality described.

• Neither word is principal; the compound refers to a third entity.
• The meaning is not directly derived from the two words but points to someone/something possessing the described quality.

Examples:

• त्रिनेत्र (three-eyed): refers to Lord Shiva
• पंचानन (five-faced): refers to Hanuman
• दशानन (ten-headed): refers to Ravana
• चतुर्भुज (four-armed): refers to Lord Vishnu
• चतुरानन (four-faced): refers to Brahma
• नीलकंठ (blue-throated): refers to Shiva
• गंगाधर (holder of Ganga): refers to Shiva
• महादेव (great god): refers to Shiva
• गिरिधर (holder of mountain): refers to Krishna

Dvandva Samas

Dvandva Samas is formed by joining two words that are often opposites or paired, and both are equally important. The compound can be split with "and" or "or" in between.

• Both words are equally important; the compound expresses a pair or opposition.
• The compound can be split with "और" (and) or "या" (or).

Examples:

• माता-पिता (mother and father)
• दिन-रात (day and night)
• हानि-लाभ (loss and gain)
• जीवन-मरण (life and death)
• धर्म-अधर्म (virtue and vice)
• पाप-पुण्य (sin and virtue)

Key Points and Exam Tips

Understanding the structure and identification of Samas is crucial for exams. Focus on recognizing the principal word, the relationship between the words, and the case markers or indicators.

• Avyayibhav Samas: Look for indeclinable prefixes and adverbial meaning.
• Tatpurush Samas: Identify the case marker (को, से, के लिए, से, का/के/की, में/पर/पे) in the expanded form.
• Karmadharaya Samas: Check if the first word is an adjective describing the second.
• Dvigou Samas: The first word is always a numeral, indicating a group.
• Bahuvrihi Samas: The compound refers to a third entity, not directly to the two words.
• Dvandva Samas: Both words are equally important and can be joined by "and" or "or".

Homework: Prepare all types of Samas thoroughly and memorize their subtypes and examples for quick recall in exams.