Haryana Complete - Class 10 Haryana Board Geography

Geography: Resources, Development, and National Economy

Resources: Definition and Essential Criteria

Resources are elements present in nature that fulfill human needs. For an item to be considered a resource, it must be technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally accepted. The definition is incomplete without these three criteria.

• Technologically Accessible: Usable only if the necessary technology exists.
• Economically Feasible: Should provide benefits greater than the investment.
• Culturally Accepted: Society must recognize and approve its use.

Classification of Resources

Resources are classified based on origin, development level, exhaustibility, and ownership. Each basis provides distinct categories.

-…

Geography: Resources, Development, and National Economy

Resources: Definition and Essential Criteria

Resources are elements present in nature that fulfill human needs. For an item to be considered a resource, it must be technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally accepted. The definition is incomplete without these three criteria.

• Technologically Accessible: Usable only if the necessary technology exists.
• Economically Feasible: Should provide benefits greater than the investment.
• Culturally Accepted: Society must recognize and approve its use.

Classification of Resources

Resources are classified based on origin, development level, exhaustibility, and ownership. Each basis provides distinct categories.

• Origin: Biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living).
• Development Level: Potential, Developed, Stock, and Reserve resources.
• Exhaustibility: Renewable (can be regenerated) and Non-renewable (cannot be regenerated).
• Ownership: Individual, Community, National, International.

Resource Distribution and Planning

Resource distribution in India is uneven, leading to regional imbalances. Resource planning involves listing resources, assessing technology and skills, and ensuring institutional support for equitable development.

• Key Steps:
  • Prepare a comprehensive resource inventory.
  • Evaluate technological and human capabilities for resource utilization.
  • Align resource planning with development planning for balanced growth.

Land Resources and Utilization

Land is a fundamental resource, with its distribution in India as plains (43%), mountains (30%), and plateaus (27%). Land is used for forests, agriculture, non-agricultural purposes, fallow land, and barren land.

• Land Use Categories:
  • Forests
  • Land not available for cultivation (urban, roads, etc.)
  • Fallow land (temporarily left uncultivated)
  • Barren land (uncultivable for 5+ years)
  • Net sown area (land cultivated at least once a year)

Soil Types and Conservation

India has diverse soils: alluvial, forest, laterite, black, arid, red, and yellow. Soil erosion reduces fertility and is managed by methods like contour ploughing, terrace farming, and strip cropping.

• Soil Conservation Methods:
  • Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along contour lines to reduce runoff.
  • Terrace Farming: Creating steps on slopes to prevent erosion.
  • Strip Cropping: Planting grass strips to block wind erosion.

Forest and Wildlife Resources

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms. India is rich in biodiversity, with 8% of global species. Threats include deforestation and poaching, addressed by the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and Project Tiger (1973).

• Forest Types:

  • Reserved Forests (50%): Highest protection, minimal human activity.
  • Protected Forests (1/3): Moderate protection.
  • Unclassified Forests: Community access, minimal restrictions.

• Community Initiatives:

  • Sariska Tiger Reserve protest against mining.
  • Chipko Movement in Uttarakhand for tree protection.
  • Joint Forest Management (JFM) in Odisha: Local communities and forest department cooperation.

Water Resources and Management

Earth is called the "blue planet" due to 71% water coverage, but only 2.5% is fresh water, much of which is locked in glaciers. India has 4% of global water resources but 16-17% of the world’s population.

• Water Scarcity Causes:

  • High population demand
  • Industrialization and urbanization
  • Uneven distribution

• Government Initiatives:

  • Jal Jeevan Mission: Ensuring 55 liters per person per day in rural areas.

• Water Conservation Techniques:

  • Multipurpose dam projects (irrigation, power, flood control, fisheries, tourism)
  • Rainwater harvesting: Gul/Kul (Himalayan channels), rooftop collection (Rajasthan/Tamil Nadu), Khadin/Johar (Western Rajasthan), Tankas (underground tanks), floodwater channels (Bengal), bamboo drip irrigation (Meghalaya).

Mineral and Energy Resources

Minerals are naturally occurring substances with definite chemical properties. Classified as metallic (ferrous, non-ferrous, precious), non-metallic, and energy minerals.

• Metallic Minerals:

  • Ferrous: Iron (Magnetite: 70% iron, Hematite: 50-60% iron)
  • Non-ferrous: Copper, Aluminium (Bauxite ore)
  • Precious: Gold, Silver, Platinum

• Non-metallic Minerals: Mica, salt, potash, sulfur.

• Energy Minerals:

  • Conventional: Coal (Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, Peat), Petroleum, Natural Gas.
  • Non-conventional: Solar, Wind, Nuclear (Thorium, Uranium), Biogas, Tidal, Geothermal.

• Coal Types:

  • Anthracite: Best quality
  • Bituminous: Most used
  • Lignite: Lowest grade

• Petroleum: Found in porous sedimentary rocks; major fields in Mumbai High, Gujarat, Assam.

Agriculture: Types and Cropping Patterns

India is an agrarian country; agriculture employs two-thirds of the population. Types include primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, and commercial agriculture.

• Primitive Subsistence: Small-scale, family labor, dependent on monsoon, uses traditional tools.

• Intensive Subsistence: High population pressure, use of fertilizers, small land holdings.

• Commercial Agriculture: Large-scale, modern tools, chemical inputs, profit-oriented.

• Special Types:

  • Shifting cultivation: Jhum, Milpa, Pamlou, Deya.
  • Plantation agriculture: Single crop on large estates (tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane).

• Cropping Seasons:

  • Rabi: Sown in winter, harvested in spring (wheat, barley, mustard).
  • Kharif: Sown in monsoon, harvested in autumn (rice, maize, cotton).
  • Zaid: Sown between Rabi and Kharif (watermelon, cucumber).

Agricultural Reforms and Innovations

Land reforms and technical improvements were initiated post-independence. The Green Revolution (HYV seeds, irrigation, fertilizers) and White Revolution (milk production) transformed agriculture.

• Technical Reforms:

  • Use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization.

• Institutional Reforms:

  • Minimum Support Price (MSP)
  • Crop insurance
  • Rural banks, cooperative societies
  • Kisan Credit Card

• Bhudan Movement: Voluntary land donation by landlords to the poor, led by Vinoba Bhave.

Manufacturing Industries

Manufacturing is part of the secondary sector, transforming raw materials into finished goods. It modernizes agriculture, generates employment, and increases national income.

• Industry Classifications:

  • By raw material: Agro-based (cotton, jute, sugar), mineral-based (iron, steel, cement).
  • By role: Basic (iron, steel), consumer (sugar, paper).
  • By investment: Small-scale (<₹1 crore), large-scale (>₹1 crore).
  • By ownership: Public (government), private (individual), joint (both).
  • By weight: Heavy (iron, steel), light (electronics).

• Major Industries:

  • Cotton textiles: Ancient, provides employment, faces challenges from synthetic fibers.
  • Jute: Second largest producer after Bangladesh, concentrated near Hooghly river.
  • Sugar: Second in cane production, first in jaggery; shift from UP/Bihar to Maharashtra/Karnataka.
  • Iron and steel: Basic industry, centered in Chota Nagpur plateau, second globally in production.
  • Aluminium: Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, used in various industries.
  • Chemical: Third largest in Asia, includes organic (petrochemicals) and inorganic (sulphuric acid).
  • Fertilizer: Nitrogen, urea, phosphoric; potash imported.
  • Cement: Made from dolomite, silica, gypsum, limestone.
  • Motor vehicles: Centers in Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida, Pune, Jamshedpur.
  • IT/Electronics: Not location-dependent; Bangalore is the "Silicon Valley of India".

• Industrial Pollution:

  • Air: CO, CO₂, SO₂ emissions harm health.
  • Water: Industrial waste dumped in rivers.
  • Soil: Harmful chemicals reduce fertility.
  • Noise: Machinery and vehicles cause noise pollution.

Lifelines of National Economy: Transport and Communication

Transport and communication are vital for economic development. Transport includes road, rail, air, and water; communication covers postal, telephonic, and electronic means.

• Road Transport:

  • Golden Quadrilateral: Connects Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai.
  • North-South Corridor: Srinagar to Kanyakumari.
  • East-West Corridor: Porbandar to Silchar.
  • National highways: Maintained by CPWD.
  • State highways: Connect capitals to districts, maintained by state PWD.
  • District roads: Connect administrative centers, maintained by district councils.
  • Rural roads: Built under PMGSY.
  • Border roads: Built by BRO for security.

• Railways: Economical for long-distance travel; construction faces geographic and structural challenges.

• Pipelines: Transport liquids and slurry; major lines connect Gujarat, Punjab, UP.

• Waterways: Inland (rivers, canals) and maritime (ports); 90% of trade via sea, major ports include Kandla, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai.

• Airways: Reach remote areas; nationalized in 1953; Pawan Hans provides helicopter services.

• Communication:

  • Postal: First-class (letters, cards), second-class (books, parcels).
  • Electronic: Telephone, mobile, TV, radio, internet.

International Trade and Tourism

International trade involves import and export between countries. Trade balance is the difference between exports and imports; surplus is favorable, deficit is unfavorable.

• Tourism: Provides direct employment to over 50 lakh people, promotes national unity and cultural exchange, benefits local artisans and culture.