CUET PG LLB General Knowledge 2026 CUET PG - CUET Sociology

General Knowledge: Key Concepts and Exam Solutions

Fundamental Duties and Constitutional Provisions

The Indian Constitution mandates the development of scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform as part of the Fundamental Duties, not Fundamental Rights or Directive Principles. Fundamental Duties were added during the Emergency through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, introducing Part IV-A (Article 51A) with 10 duties, later increased to 11 by the 86th Amendment.

• Fundamental Duties: Non-justiciable in nature.
• Directive Principles: For the State, not individuals.
• Fundamental Rights: Six rights in Part III.
• Key Fact: Developing scientific…

General Knowledge: Key Concepts and Exam Solutions

Fundamental Duties and Constitutional Provisions

The Indian Constitution mandates the development of scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform as part of the Fundamental Duties, not Fundamental Rights or Directive Principles. Fundamental Duties were added during the Emergency through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, introducing Part IV-A (Article 51A) with 10 duties, later increased to 11 by the 86th Amendment.

• Fundamental Duties: Non-justiciable in nature.
• Directive Principles: For the State, not individuals.
• Fundamental Rights: Six rights in Part III.
• Key Fact: Developing scientific temper is a Fundamental Duty.

Indian Geography: Highest Peaks and States

Kangchenjunga is the highest mountain peak in India and the third highest in the world. It is located in Sikkim (India) and Nepal and is part of the Greater Himalayas, also known as Himadri.

• Kangchenjunga: Highest in India, third highest globally.
• Location: Sikkim (India) and Nepal.
• Mountain Range: Greater Himalayas (Himadri).

Chronology of Major Events in Modern India

Understanding the sequence of significant events helps in solving chronology-based questions. Key events include the appointment of Prime Ministers, bank nationalization, nuclear tests, hosting of Asian Games, and economic reforms.

• Sequence:
  1. Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes Prime Minister (1964).
  2. Nationalization of 14 banks (1969).
  3. First nuclear test, Operation Smiling Buddha (1974).
  4. Hosting of 9th Asian Games with Appu mascot (1982).
  5. Dr. Manmohan Singh becomes Finance Minister (1991).

Capitals of North-Eastern States

Knowledge of state capitals is essential. The following are the capitals for the specified North-Eastern states:

• Arunachal Pradesh: Itanagar
• Tripura: Agartala
• Mizoram: Aizawl
• Meghalaya: Shillong
• Nagaland: Kohima

Ancient Indian Universities and Personalities

Nalanda was a renowned Buddhist center of learning located in Bihar. Chanakya (Vishnugupta) was associated with Takshashila, not Nalanda. Takshashila is in present-day Pakistan, not Nepal.

• Nalanda: Buddhist center, Bihar.
• Takshashila: Ancient university, now in Pakistan.
• Chanakya: Teacher at Takshashila.

Periodic Table: Atomic Numbers

Sodium (Na) has atomic number 11. Remembering atomic numbers up to 20 is recommended for exams.

• Mnemonic for first 20 elements: Ha Hi Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
• Sodium (Na): Atomic number 11.

Books and Authors

Matching books with their authors is a common exam question. Key associations:

• My Experiments with Truth: Mahatma Gandhi (autobiography)
• Discovery of India: Jawaharlal Nehru
• India Wins Freedom: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Why I am an Atheist: Bhagat Singh

Assertion-Reasoning: Vande Mataram and Other Facts

Vande Mataram was first sung at the Indian National Congress session in 1896. The song is from Anandamath, written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, not Swami Vivekananda.

• Vande Mataram: First sung in 1896 INC session.
• Anandamath: Written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Plant Biology: Leaf Color and Pigments

Leaves are generally green due to the presence of the pigment chlorophyll, not chloroplast. Chloroplast is an organelle, not a pigment.

• Green pigment: Chlorophyll
• Chloroplast: Organelle containing chlorophyll

Mahabharata: Character of Yuyutsu

Yuyutsu was a Kaurava by birth but fought on the side of the Pandavas due to his righteousness.

• Yuyutsu: Kaurava who sided with Pandavas for righteousness.

Major National Movements: Chronological Order

Key events in the Indian freedom struggle must be arranged chronologically:

1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919)
2. Purna Swaraj Resolution (1929)
3. Dandi March/Salt Satyagraha (1930)
4. Capital punishment for Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev (1931)
5. Quit India Movement (1942)

Biological Processes: Biopsy

Biopsy is the process where cells from diseased organs are removed and tested for diagnosis.

• Biopsy: Removal and testing of cells from diseased organs.

Theorists and Their Disciplines

Matching theorists to their disciplines:

• Rutherford: Chemistry
• Auguste Comte: Sociology
• Charles Darwin: Biology (Theory of Evolution)
• Bertrand Russell: Philosophy

Government Schemes: PM SHRI

PM SHRI stands for Prime Minister Schools for Rising India. The scheme focuses on upgrading model schools.

• Objective: Upgrading model schools for quality education.

Malaria Control: Kerosene on Water

Sprinkling kerosene on still water kills mosquito larvae, thus preventing malaria, but it is not a treatment for malaria itself.

• Kerosene: Poisonous to mosquito larvae, prevents breeding.
• Not a treatment: Prevents cause, does not cure malaria.

Logical Sequence: Education to Salary

Logical order for progression:

1. School
2. Education (higher studies)
3. Recruitment (job selection)
4. Employment (working)
5. Salary (earning)

Government Spending on Education

India spends about 3–4% of GDP on education, not 6%. The 6% figure is a recommendation in the National Education Policy.

• Actual spending: 3–4% of GDP
• Recommendation: 6% (not yet achieved)

Prohibition of Discrimination: Article 15

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It is part of the Right to Equality (Articles 14–18).

• Article 14: Equality before law
• Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination

Indian English Literature: Pre-Independence Writers

Indian English literature began before independence. There were Indian writers in English before 1947, such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

• Pre-1947 writers: Existed, e.g., Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

Metals and Electrical Conductivity

All metals are generally good conductors of electricity due to the presence of free electrons that allow electric current to pass.

• Reason: Free electrons in metals enable conductivity.

Post-Colonial Literature

Post-colonial literature questions colonial power structures and highlights issues of identity, cultural conflict, and resistance.

• Focus: Identity, cultural conflict, resistance to colonialism.

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: State Implementation

Some states have not accepted NEP 2020. The correct answer is West Bengal and Kerala, not Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, as per the latest factual update.

• States not accepting NEP 2020: West Bengal and Kerala
• States with own education policy commissions: West Bengal and Kerala

Exam Strategy and Common Pitfalls

• Use elimination methods for chronology and matching questions.
• Pay attention to exceptions and factual inaccuracies in assertion-reason questions.
• For ambiguous or challengeable questions, refer to official answer keys and be prepared to challenge with evidence.
• Remember that only those who mark the correct answer get marks if the answer is changed, but if a question is dropped, all candidates receive marks.