Hindi Sahitya ka itihas 50 - Class 10 Boards Hindi

Hindi Literature History: Key Periods, Authors, Works, and Exam-Focused Questions

Major Periods of Hindi Literature

Hindi literature is divided into distinct periods, each with its own time frame, characteristics, and prominent authors. Understanding these periods is crucial for exam recall and classification of works.

• Ritikal (उत्तर मध्यकाल): 1643–1843 CE. Main language: Braj Bhasha. Features: Influence of Braj, creation of 'Reeti' texts, dominance of Shringar Ras.
• Adhunik Kal: 1843–present. Main language: Khadi Boli.
• Bharatendu Yug: 1868–1900 CE. Named after Bharatendu Harishchandra.
• Dwivedi Yug: 1900–1918 CE. Named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi.
• Shukla Yug (also Chhayavad…

Hindi Literature History: Key Periods, Authors, Works, and Exam-Focused Questions

Major Periods of Hindi Literature

Hindi literature is divided into distinct periods, each with its own time frame, characteristics, and prominent authors. Understanding these periods is crucial for exam recall and classification of works.

• Ritikal (उत्तर मध्यकाल): 1643–1843 CE. Main language: Braj Bhasha. Features: Influence of Braj, creation of 'Reeti' texts, dominance of Shringar Ras.
• Adhunik Kal: 1843–present. Main language: Khadi Boli.
• Bharatendu Yug: 1868–1900 CE. Named after Bharatendu Harishchandra.
• Dwivedi Yug: 1900–1918 CE. Named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi.
• Shukla Yug (also Chhayavad Yug, Premchand Yug, Prasad Yug): 1918–1938 CE. Named after Ramchandra Shukla.
• Shuklottar Yug: 1938–1947 CE.
• Pragativadi Yug: Includes poets like Shivmangal Singh Suman, Nagarjun, Kedarnath Agarwal, Trilochan.
• Prayogvad Yug: 1943–1949 CE. Founder: Agyeya (Sachchidanand Hiranand Vatsyayan).

Key Authors and Their Works

A strong recall of authors and their major works is essential for exam success. The transcript provides explicit associations and mnemonic tricks for remembering them.

• Mathili Sharan Gupt: Saket (epic), Yashodhara, Panchvati.
• Jaishankar Prasad: Kamayani (epic), Jharna, Aansu, Lahar.
• Hariodh: Priya Pravas.
• Bharatendu Harishchandra: Bharat Durdasha (drama).
• Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi: Praneta of Dwivedi Yug.
• Agyeya: Founder of Prayogvad Yug, published Tar Saptak.
• Bihari: Reeti Siddh Kavya Dhara.
• Senapati, Rasnidhi: Reeti Siddh Kavya Dhara.
• Ghananand, Bogha, Alam, Thakur, Dwijdev: Reeti Mukt Kavya Dhara.
• Suryakant Tripathi Nirala: Anamika, Juhi ki Kali, Parimal, Geetika, Tulsi Das.
• Sumitranandan Pant: Granthi, Veena, Pallav, Gunjan, Yugant, Yugvani.
• Mahadevi Verma: Yama, Sandhya Geet, Neerja, Nihar, Rashmi.
• Ramkumar Verma: Prominent Ekankikar.
• Vishnu Prabhakar: Aawara Masiha (biography).
• Babu Gulab Rai: Meri Asafalta (autobiography), Thalua Club (essay).
• Harivansh Rai Bachchan: Beseere se Door, Neer ka Nirman, 10 Dwar se Sopan Tak, Kya Bhoolun Kya Yaad Karun (autobiographies).
• Padumlal Pannalal Bakshi: Panchpatra, Kya Likhoon (essays).
• Jayprakash Bharti: Atah Sagar Anant Akash (essay).
• Raghav Dhirendra Verma: Meri College Diary (diary).
• Rahu Sankrityayan: Arey Yayavar Yaad Rahega (travelogue).

Frameworks and Classifications

Hindi literature is classified by period, language, and poetic streams. The transcript provides explicit frameworks for Ritikal poets and their streams.

• Ritikal Poets: Divided into three streams:

  • Reetibaddh: Chintamani, Matiram, Dev, Padmakar, Keshavdas, Bhushan, Bhikhari Das.
  • Reeti Siddh: Bihari, Senapati, Rasnidhi.
  • Reeti Mukt: Ghananand, Bogha, Alam, Thakur, Dwijdev.

• Tar Saptak: Published by Agyeya, consists of seven poets. Four editions: 1943 (first), 1951 (second), 1959 (third), 1980 (fourth).

  • First Tar Saptak (1943): Agyeya, Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh, Nemchandra, Bharat Bhushan, Prabhakar Machwe, Ramvilas Sharma, Girja Kumar Mathur.
  • Second Tar Saptak (1951): Bhawani Prasad Mishra, Shakuntala Mathur, Harinarayan Vyas, Shamsher Bahadur, Naresh Mehta, Raghuveer Sahay, Dharmveer Bharti.
  • Third Tar Saptak (1959): Pratap Narayan Tripathi, Kirti Chaudhary, Madan Vatsyayan, Kedarnath Singh, Kunwar Narayan, Vijaydev Narayan Rahi, Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena.
  • Fourth Tar Saptak (1980): Awadhesh Kumar, Rajkumar Kumbhaj, Swadesh Bharti, Nand Kishore Acharya, Suman Raje, Shriram Verma, Rajendra Kishore.

Key Literary Genres and Their Firsts

The transcript explicitly states the first works in various genres, which are frequent exam questions.

• First Hindi Story: Indumati by Kishorilal.
• First Hindi Drama: Nahush.
• First Hindi Novel: Pariksha Guru by Lala Shrinivas Das.

Literary Trends and Features of Periods

Each period is characterized by specific literary trends, which are often asked in exams.

• Ritikal: Braj Bhasha influence, creation of Reeti texts, dominance of Shringar Ras.
• Dwivedi Yug: Features include Rudi Vidroh (orthodoxy rebellion), Itivrattatmakta (narrativity), Manavtavad (humanism).
• Chhayavad Yug: Nature depiction, pain and compassion, art for art's sake.
• Pragativadi Yug: Social progress, poets include Shivmangal Singh Suman, Nagarjun, Kedarnath Agarwal, Trilochan.
• Prayogvad Yug: Experimentation, led by Agyeya, Tar Saptak publication.

Mnemonics and Tricks for Recall

The transcript provides several mnemonic devices to aid memory for exam recall.

• Saket (Mathili Sharan Gupt): "Sanket" and "Thali" for remembering Gupt.
• Kamayani (Jaishankar Prasad): "Kam" for Prasad.
• Priya Pravas (Hariodh): "Hariodh Bhai" for Priya Pravas.
• Reetibaddh Poets: "Mati kharab, Chinta, Dev, Bhushan, Keshavdas, Bhikhari Das" for remembering the list.
• Reeti Siddh Poets: "Bihari (Bihar's straight people)" for Siddh.
• Reeti Mukt Poets: "Ghananand (clouds are free), Alam, Thakur, Dwijdev, Bogha" for Mukt.
• Yashodhara (Mathili Sharan Gupt): "Yash" for gift during Raksha Bandhan.
• Vaidehi Vanvas (Ayodhya Singh Upadhyay Hariodh): "Ram's home is Ayodhya" for Vanvas.
• Anamika, Juhi ki Kali (Suryakant Tripathi Nirala): "Sun's rays make buds bloom."
• Atah Sagar Anant Akash (Jayprakash Bharti): "No light in deep sea or infinite sky, but light in answer."

Important Literary Criticism and Essays

Certain critical works and essays are frequently asked in exams.

• Ras Meemansa: Criticism by Acharya Ramchandra Shukla.
• Vichar Vimrash: Criticism by Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi.
• Chintamani, Vichar Vidhi, Mitrata: Essays by Acharya Ramchandra Shukla.
• Panchpatra, Kya Likhoon: Essays by Padumlal Pannalal Bakshi.
• Thalua Club: Essay by Babu Gulab Rai.

Biographies and Autobiographies

Biographies and autobiographies are important for exam recall, with explicit associations provided.

• Aawara Masiha: Biography by Vishnu Prabhakar.
• Meri Asafalta: Autobiography by Babu Gulab Rai.
• Kalem ka Sipahi: Biography by Amrit Rai (of Munshi Premchand).
• Harivansh Rai Bachchan: Beseere se Door, Neer ka Nirman, 10 Dwar se Sopan Tak, Kya Bhoolun Kya Yaad Karun.
• Rajendra Prasad: Autobiography titled "Aatm Katha."
• Pandey Bechan Sharma Ugra: Autobiography titled "Apni Khabar."

Editorials and Literary Magazines

Editorials and magazines are often asked in exams, with explicit editors and associations.

• Sarawati Patrika: Edited by Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi.
• Premchand: Associated with "Maryada" and "Hans" magazines.

Exam-Focused Pitfalls and Strategies

The transcript emphasizes common pitfalls and strategies for maximizing exam performance.

• Always read the question and all options carefully before answering.
• Avoid rushing; one mark can affect state rank.
• Use mnemonic tricks for recall.
• Focus on period, author, and work associations.
• Practice with previous year questions and detailed revision.

Table: Periods, Time Frames, and Key Features

• Key associations and time frames are essential for exam recall and classification.